| Biography | William George Penney, Baron Penney OM, KBE PhD, DSc,, FRS, FRSE, FIC, Hon FCGI (24 June 1909, Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory 3 March 1991, East Hendred, Oxfordshire, England,), was an English mathematician and professor of mathematical physics at the Imperial College London and later the rector of Imperial College. He is acknowledged as having a leading and integral role in the development of Britain's nuclear programme, a clandestine programme started in 1942 during World War II which produced the first British atomic bomb in 1952.
As the head of the British delegation working in the Manhattan Project, Penney initially carried out calculations to predict the damage effects generated by the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Upon returning home, Penney directed Britain's own nuclear weapons directorate, codename Tube Alloys, and directed scientific research at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment which resulted in the first detonation of a British nuclear bomb, (see codename Operation Hurricane) in 1952. After the test, Penney became chief adviser to the newly created British government's United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). He was later chairman of the authority, which he used in international negotiations to control nuclear testing with the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Penney's notable scientific contributions included the mathematics for complex wave dynamics, both in shock and gravitational waves, proposing optimization problems and solutions regarding the hydrodynamics wave which played a major role in the applications materials and the metallurgy. During his later years, Penney lectured in mathematics and physics, and was tenured as the Rector of the Imperial College London until his death. |